Which azimuth closure formula corresponds to a second-order, class II network?

Which azimuth closure formula corresponds to a second-order, class II network?

• A. 1.7√N
• B. 3.0√N
• C. 4.5√N
• D. 10.0√N

Answer: (C)

The azimuth closure formula expresses the expected angular misclosure of a network as a constant times the square root of the number of azimuth observations, N. The constant depends on how precisely the network is designed, i.e., its order and class. For a second-order, class II network, the standard coefficient is 4.5. So the expected azimuth closure scales as 4.5√N, which is why that option is the correct one. The other factors belong to different network classifications and don’t apply here.

The azimuth closure formula expresses the expected angular misclosure of a network as a constant times the square root of the number of azimuth observations, N. The constant depends on how precisely the network is designed, i.e., its order and class. For a second-order, class II network, the standard coefficient is 4.5. So the expected azimuth closure scales as 4.5√N, which is why that option is the correct one. The other factors belong to different network classifications and don’t apply here.